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Early childhood development MILESTONES AND HOW TO ACHIEVE THEM

There are multiple programmes that can help a child achieve milestones and an early intervention always leads to successful outcomes, believes PARVATHY JAYAKRISHNAN

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Children are beautiful just as they are and all we need to do is guide them to do develop and grow into individuals who can think clearly on their own. One thing we need to understand as parents and educators is that every child is unique and different from one another. Developmental milestones are indicators that tell you the abilities that an average child can achieve at a certain age. These milestones can involve physical, social, emotional, cognitive, and communication skills such as walking, sharing with others, expressing emotions, recognising familiar sounds, and talking.

The milestones can help identify potential delays in development and the parent can get help from a doctor, if needed. Delays can be identified by a parent, teacher or a caretaker who is closely involved in bringing up the child.

PHYSICAL MILESTONES

The first five years of a child’s life is most crucial in their overall development and it is important that he/she is observed very closely to understand their development and to see if they are achieving milestones. Children may be observed by their parent, caretaker or their preschool teacher and any gaps in development need to be discussed and tended to. Early intervention in any case can lead to much better results.

FROM 1 TO 2 YEARS

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Children start becoming independent at this age and tasks requiring balance and hand-eye coordination begin to emerge. During this stage of development, most children are able to:

Pick things up while standing up

Walk backwards

Walk up and down the stairs without assistance

Move and sway to music

Colour or paint by moving the entire arm

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Scribble with markers or crayons

Turn knobs and handles

FROM 2 TO 3 YEARS

Building on earlier skills, children become increasingly adept at activities that require coordination and speed. From two to three years of age, most children begin to:

Run in a forward direction

Jump in one place

Kick a ball

Stand on one foot

Turn pages of a book

Draw a circle

Hold a crayon between the thumb and fingers

FROM 3 TO 4 YEARS

Children develop better movement and balance skills. From age three to four, most kids begin to:

Ride a tricycle

Go down a slide without help

Throw and catch a ball

Pull and steer toys

Walk in a straight line

Build a tall towers with toy blocks

Manipulate clay into shapes

FROM 4-5 YEARS

During this period of development, children become increasingly confident in their abilities. Most children begin to:

Jump on one foot

Walk backwards

Do somersaults

Cut paper with safety scissors

Print some letters

Copy shapes including squares and crosses

It is important that a child is given a safe environment to explore, be it at home or in school. Parents and teachers can encourage a child by introducing them to new objects and letting them explore and grab and hold them. To aid proper physical development, nutritious and age-appropriate food is a must. Shelter, warmth, clean air and environment, health care and proper activity and rest are also mandatory for proper physical development.

COGNITIVE MILESTONES

Cognitive milestones are centered around the child’s ability to think, learn and react. Cognitive milestones are equally important and need to be observed for every child as they grow.

FROM 1 TO 2 YEARS

When a child turns one, his/her cognitive skills grow exponentially. They are old enough to observe adults and even emulate their actions. So it is important for parents and caretakers to set good examples to the child. Most one-year-olds begin to:

Understand and respond to words

Identify objects that are similar

Tell the difference between "Me" and "You"

Imitate the actions and language of adults

Point out familiar objects and people in a picture book

Learn through exploration

FROM 2-3 YEARS

Two-year-olds learn a lot from their experiences since they are old enough to explore on their own. With a little assistance and guidance, they can do wonders. Most two-year-olds are able to:

Sort objects by category (i.e., animals, flowers, trees, etc.)

Stack rings on a peg from largest to smallest Imitate more complex adult actions (playing house, pretending to do laundry, etc.)

Identify their own reflection in the mirror by name

Respond to simple directions from parents and caregivers

Name objects in a picture book

Match objects with their uses

FROM 3-4 YEARS

Children become increasingly capable of analysing the world around them in more complex ways. Since children are becoming much more active in the learning process, they also begin to pose questions about the world around them. At this age, the little explorers are able to ask “why” questions which is a sign of deep curiosity and that should be encouraged.

At the age of three, most kids are able to:

Demonstrate awareness of the past and present

Actively seek answers to questions

Learn by observing and listening to instructions

Organise objects by size and shape

Understand how to group and match object according to colour

Have a longer attention span of around 5 to 15 minutes

Asks "why" questions to gain information

FROM 4-5 YEARS

As they near school age, children become better at using words, imitating adult actions, counting and other basic activities that are important for school preparedness. Most four-year-olds are able to:

Rhyme

Name and identify many colours

Draw the shape of a person

Count to five

Tell where they live

Draw pictures that they often name and describe

Cognitive development can be boosted by being patient and answering your child’s queries. Although there maybe too many questions which your toddler may ask, it is important that the teacher or parent communicates and responds to them. It will make them sharper and more aware of what is happening around them. It is also important to give your child a chance to make a choice. For example, you can ask a child, “Would you like to colour the picture with blue or green?” – a question that will force the child to think and make a decision.

Singing along with your child and encouraging him/her to sing also boosts cognitive development. Practicing shapes, colours and counting are also great activities to involve your toddler in. Schools can take children to the post-office or the vegetable vendor to introduce new concepts to their preschoolers. Playing with everyday items like helping your toddler look at his own reflection on a steel plate or making music by banging hands on a table can be great exercises to boost cognitive ability.

SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL MILESTONES

This is yet another very important set of milestones. Social and emotional milestones deal with the child’s emotions, how they express themselves and how they interact and play with other children.

FROM 1 TO 2 YEARS

During this age, kids often spend more time interacting with a lot of people. They also start to gain a greater sense of self-awareness. At this stage, most can:

Recognise their own image in the mirror

Initiate play activities

Play independently, often imitating adult actions

Act pleased when they accomplish something

Start trying to help, often by putting toys away

Express negative emotions including anger and frustration

Become more self-assertive and may try to direct the actions of others

FROM 2 TO 3 YEARS

During the toddler years, kids become more and more creative and confident. At two years old, most kids begin to:

Become aware that they are a boy or girl

Begin to dress and undress themselves

Demonstrate personal preferences about toys, food, and activities

Start saying "No" to adults

Enjoy watching and playing with other children

Become defensive about their own possessions

Use objects symbolically during play

Often have rapid changes in mood

FROM 3 TO 4 YEARS

Because three-year-olds are becoming increasingly able to perform physical actions, their sense of confidence and independence becomes more pronounced at this age. During the third year, most children begin to:

Follow directions

Perform some tasks with little or no assistance

Share toys with other kids

Make up games and ask other children to join in

Begin engaging in pretend play

FROM 4 TO 5 YEARS

During the fourth year, children gain a greater awareness of their own individuality. As their physical skills increase, they are more capable of exploring their own abilities which can help lead to great confidence and personal pride. At this age, most kids begin to:

Understand basic differences between good and bad behaviour

Develop friendships with other kids

Compare themselves to other children and adults

Become more aware of other people’s feelings

Enjoy dramatic, imaginative play with other children

Enjoy competitive games

It is important that the parent or the teacher gives consistent rules to the child so that they get to know that the world is orderly and they also need to be aware of what happens when rules are broken. Children need to be given an opportunity to play with others and explore their own emotions. If you see a child giving an unsuitable emotional response to some event, he/she needs to be told that the reaction is unacceptable and an alternative response needs to be given so that they learn.

It is important to be caring and nurturing. Loving touches and encouraging words make your child feel that he/she is special. When they feel loved, they will learn to love others the same way. A child also needs to be helped in resolving conflicts in a healthy and appropriate way.

COMMUNICATION MILESTONES

Communication milestones involve verbal and nonverbal communication. Children go from making babbling sounds to saying their first word to speaking small sentences in a very short period of time. It is very important that the parent and teacher speaks to the child to encourage their speech. It is amazing how children can understand a great deal of language spoken to them even before they utter their first word.

FROM 1 TO 2 YEARS

During the first year, the use of language begins to grow considerably. Developmental researchers often refer to this period as the two-word stage because most kids begin to use simple, two-word sentences. Starting around the age of 18 months, children begin to learn estimated 9 to 10 new words each day. At one year of age, most children start to:

Understand basic commands such as "Eat your cereal"

Use "mine" to indicate possession of objects

Have a vocabulary that includes several words that are spoken clearly

Often use other words that are less clearly spoken and only family members can understand

Start to string together simple words in order to describe things or events

FROM 2 TO 3 YEARS

During the second year, children begin to use language in more complex ways. By the age of 24 months, approximately half of all a child's utterances are at least two words long. During this period of development, children also:

Have specific words to describe most things

Are understood by family members

Begin using adverbs and adjectives

Use two to three-word sentences

Can describe what happened during the day

FROM 3 TO 4 YEARS

At age three, children begin to develop more advanced language and communication skills. Most people outside the family are able to understand what the child is saying at this point and the child can carry on conversations using two to three sentences at a time. Other abilities that begin to emerge include:

Can understand and use sentences

Begins using the past tense and plurals

Able to follow a series of two to four directions

Can understand and use sentences that utilise time ("I'm going to the zoo tomorrow.")

Learn and sing songs

FROM 4 TO 5 YEARS

Between the ages of four and five, children become increasingly skilled at conversing. Not only are they able to talk about cause-and-effect, they are also able to use and understand different comparative language such as fast, faster, and fastest. Some other communication milestones that are achieved during this time period include:

Able to follow a string of up to three unrelated instructions

Enjoys listening to longer stories and can remember them with some accuracy

Uses sentences that average around four to five words

Can combine various thoughts into a single sentence

Asks questions about how, when, and why things happen

Can talk about imaginary or future things ("I wish that…" or "I hope that…")

To enable communication milestones, it is important to speak to your child and listen as well. Children are far more likely to share their ideas and feelings if they know they won’t be judged, teased, or criticised. You can empathise with a child’s experience, yet disagree with his behaviour. Encourage pretend play.

The above milestones are defined to catch any difficulties your child/student may be facing and to facilitate an early intervention to correct them. However, each child develops at his/her own pace and it is important to not jump to conclusions and give a chance to the child to achieve a certain milestone. Some developmental milestones build on one another. Achieving a milestone earlier doesn't mean that the child is gifted and achieving it late does not mean that your child is delayed. It is just an individual difference that simply asserts the fact that each child is unique and each child needs to be given individual attention.

Preschool teachers spend a lot of time with their students and are capable of finding differences in abilities at a much faster rate. If a child is failing to achieve milestones at an expected rate, it is important to take him/her to a healthcare specialist and get him/her evaluated. There are multiple programmes that can help a child achieve milestones and an early intervention always leads to successful outcomes.

Education

Delhi Government Schools to Introduce ‘Kaushal Bodh’ Pre-Vocational Programme for Classes 6 to 8

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Students explore real-world skills like farming, carpentry, and cooking under Delhi’s new ‘Kaushal Bodh’ pre-vocational education programme.

Starting from the academic year 2025–26, government schools in Delhi will introduce a pre-vocational education programme titled Kaushal Bodh for students of Classes 6 to 8. The initiative, aligned with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCF-SE) 2023, aims to equip students with essential life skills and vocational awareness from an early age.

According to a circular issued by the Vocational Education Branch of the Directorate of Education (DoE), the programme will be rolled out in phases—beginning with Class 6 in the first year, followed by Classes 7 and 8 in subsequent academic sessions. Kaushal Bodh has been conceived as a distinct subject that places equal emphasis on hands-on learning and real-world applicability.

The curriculum is designed around three core domains: Work with Life Forms, Work with Machines and Materials, and Work in Human Services. Students will complete three practical projects annually—one from each domain—engaging in activities such as organic farming, pottery, carpentry, millet-based cooking, embroidery, and basic electrical tasks.

Each student will dedicate 110 hours per academic year to this programme. Assessments will be conducted using a mix of written tests, oral presentations, activity logs, portfolios, and teacher observations. These will focus not only on the mastery of practical skills but also on critical thinking, collaboration, and problem-solving.

The circular also outlined the responsibilities of school leadership and teachers in ensuring the success of this initiative. Heads of schools are tasked with overseeing the implementation of the programme and supporting teacher training. Regular subject teachers will guide students through vocational tasks and help integrate skill development into everyday learning.

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To further enhance student engagement, the Directorate of Education will also host Kaushal Melas—school-level exhibitions showcasing student work, fostering cross-learning, and encouraging community participation.

By making vocational education a structured and integral part of middle school learning, Kaushal Bodh seeks to bridge the gap between academic knowledge and practical life skills. The initiative not only reflects a shift towards holistic, application-based learning but also responds to growing calls for early exposure to career-oriented competencies within the school system.

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Human (Soft) Skills: The Missing Piece in School Curriculums

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As the future of work continues to evolve at a breakneck pace, one thing is becoming increasingly clear: the ability to be human is our greatest advantage. In an age where automation and AI are reshaping industries, it’s no longer technical proficiency that sets students apart, it’s human skills.

And yet, our schools aren’t keeping up.

Globally, education systems remain heavily weighted towards academic and technical achievement. While these are certainly important, they no longer tell the whole story. Employers across sectors are united in their call for graduates who can communicate effectively, manage stress, work in diverse teams, and adapt to constant change.

Deloitte’s 2019 report The path to prosperity: Why the future of work is human found that by 2030, two-thirds of all jobs created will be reliant on human capabilities. These include empathy, creativity, collaboration, emotional intelligence, and the ability to learn continuously. All of which are underdeveloped in our current school structures.

This is not a theoretical problem. The impact is already being felt. Research consistently shows that up to 68% of high school students report feeling anxious, underprepared, and lacking the confidence to take the next step into work or further education. The transition from school to career requires more than ‘knowledge acquisition,’ it requires self awareness.

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Human skills are the gateway to that self-awareness. They help students identify their strengths, regulate their emotions, communicate effectively, and develop resilience. These are the foundational competencies that allow young people to navigate uncertainty and thrive in a rapidly changing world.

Importantly, these skills are not innate. They are learned, practised, and refined over time — just like maths, science, or coding. When introduced early, human skill development empowers students with confidence and clarity. They learn how to navigate social complexity, resolve conflicts, deal with failure, and see growth as a lifelong journey rather than a fixed destination.

So, why aren’t we teaching these skills in schools as deliberately as we teach literacy or numeracy?

Perhaps it’s because human skills feel harder to measure. But we must shift our mindset. What we value, we measure — and what we measure, we teach. Forward-thinking educators and school leaders across the globe are beginning to incorporate social-emotional learning, strengths-based development, and mental wellbeing into their curriculums, recognising that these are not “nice-to-haves” — they are must-haves.

Imagine a student graduating from high school with not just academic marks, but a toolkit of emotional and interpersonal strengths: an understanding of who they are, what drives them, and how to manage themselves under pressure. Imagine a generation that sees learning as a lifelong pursuit and failure as a stepping stone rather than a setback.

This is the future we must design for.

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It starts by giving human skills a seat at the table – not as a supplement to education, but as a core component of it. We need to empower educators with the tools and frameworks to deliver this kind of learning and where necessary provide expert facilitators to avoid adding more to the workload of educators. We need to engage students in real, reflective experiences that help them connect their inner world with the outer demands of life and work.

The most meaningful educational innovation doesn’t just teach students to do more. It teaches them to be more – to be self-aware, to be empathetic, to be adaptable. That’s how we create work-ready individuals and life-ready citizens.

The world doesn’t need more rote learners. It needs more critical thinkers, resilient leaders, and emotionally intelligent problem solvers. And the time to cultivate them is now –  in our classrooms, through our curriculums, and with intention.

This article is authored by Renata Sguario
Renata Sguario is the founder and CEO of Maxme and the current chairman of the board of Future First Technology (formerly known as PS+C Limited), listed on the ASX (FFT), one of Australia’s leading end-to-end ICT and digital consulting organisations.

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CBSE’s ‘Sugar Boards’ Initiative: Tackling the Sweet Crisis in Indian Schools

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CBSE's 'Sugar Boards' aim to educate students about healthy choices, fighting the rising tide of sugar-related health issues in schools

In an effort to combat rising sugar consumption among students, the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has directed all affiliated schools to establish “Sugar Boards”—a dedicated awareness initiative designed to monitor and educate students about the dangers of excessive sugar intake. This decision follows a sharp increase in Type 2 diabetes among children, a condition once primarily seen in adults, but now a growing concern in school-aged populations.

Why Sugar is Becoming a Silent Crisis

The CBSE has observed a troubling rise in Type 2 diabetes among students over the past decade. Health experts attribute this trend to the easy availability of sugary snacks, soft drinks, and processed foods within school environments. Studies indicate that sugar constitutes 13% of daily calorie intake for children aged 4 to 10 years and 15% for those aged 11 to 18 years—far exceeding the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended limit of 5%.

These Sugar Boards, mandated by CBSE, will serve as educational displays within schools, informing students about the risks of excessive sugar consumption. They will display critical information, such as:

  • Recommended daily sugar intake

  • Sugar content in commonly consumed foods (sweets, sodas, chocolates)

  • Health risks associated with high sugar intake, including obesity, diabetes, and dental problems

  • Healthier dietary alternatives

The directive also encourages schools to conduct awareness seminars and workshops, helping students make informed food choices. Schools are required to submit reports and photographs of their Sugar Boards by July 15.

The Real Enemy is Advertising

But while the CBSE is focusing on sugar consumption within schools, global research highlights a much larger problem—junk food advertising. As reported by The South First in a recent story, a study presented at the 2024 European Congress on Obesity in Malaga found that even five minutes of exposure to junk food advertisements could cause children to consume an extra 130 kilocalories per day. Professor Emma Boyland from the University of Liverpool explained, “Our results show that unhealthy food marketing leads to sustained increases in caloric intake among young people—enough to promote weight gain over time.”

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This research highlights that children’s sugar consumption is not just influenced by what they eat in school but also by what they see on their screens. Junk food marketing—whether through TV, online ads, or even brand-only advertisements—significantly impacts children’s eating habits.

Nithin Kamath, Founder & CEO of Zerodha & Rainmatter Foundation, and a popular LinkedIn thought leader, recently highlighted the Sugar Boards initiative on social media, thanking Food Pharmer (Revant Himatsingka) for contributing to this change with his content.

Revant Himatsingka, popularly known as Food Pharmer, has been a vocal advocate for healthier eating habits among children. His digital content, which breaks down the sugar content of everyday foods—from malted drinks to packaged juices—has gained widespread attention and spurred conversations on healthy eating among parents, schools, and policymakers.

Kamath’s post acknowledged that while the CBSE’s initiative is a step in the right direction, true change requires parental awareness and action. “Now to figure out how to get parents to care about it. How to reduce sodas, coffee/tea (majority of it is mostly sugar), malted drinks, chocolates, sweets, etc.,” he wrote.

Will ‘Sugar Boards’ Be Enough?

While the Sugar Boards are a commendable initiative, many may argue that they are only part of the solution. Schools can monitor students’ sugar intake on campus, but the problem extends beyond the school gates. Children are exposed to junk food advertising on social media, in video games, and even through influencer endorsements.

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Professor Boyland’s research shows that even brand-only food ads—advertisements that showcase brand logos without directly promoting food—can significantly increase children’s calorie intake. This means that without stricter advertising regulations, schools may find it difficult to counter the impact of sugar marketing.

CBSE’s Sugar Boards are a commendable initiative, but their success will depend on consistent awareness efforts, parental involvement, and broader policy changes. Experts recommend a multi-pronged approach:

  1. Stricter regulations on junk food marketing aimed at children

  2. Mandatory nutrition education as part of the curriculum

  3. Collaboration with parents to reduce sugary foods at home

  4. Regular health check-ups and BMI monitoring in schools

With diabetes and obesity on the rise among young Indians, addressing the sugar crisis is no longer just a dietary choice—it is a public health necessity.

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India-Turkey Relations Sour: Indian Universities Suspend Academic Ties Over National Security Concerns

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India-Turkey relations sour post India-Pakistan conflict last week- India's educational institutions lead the change (Image Source- Adobe Stock)

In a significant move reflecting escalating geopolitical tensions, Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) has suspended all academic Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) with Turkish educational institutions, citing national security concerns. This decision follows a similar action by Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), which recently halted its MoU with Turkey’s Inonu University. Kanpur University has also terminated its academic agreement with Istanbul University.

The suspensions come amid Turkey’s perceived support for Pakistan in regional conflicts, prompting Indian universities to reassess their international collaborations. Delhi University is currently reviewing its MoUs with Turkish institutions, with decisions pending further evaluation.

While the number of Indian students in Turkey remains relatively low—approximately 200 as of 2023these developments underscore the broader impact of geopolitical dynamics on educational exchanges. Turkey hosts over 300,000 international students, but Indian enrollment has been minimal compared to other destinations. 

The current geopolitical climate is influencing Indian students’ choices for higher education abroad. Traditional destinations like the UK, US, and Canada have seen declines in Indian student enrollments due to stricter immigration policies and rising costs. Conversely, countries such as Germany, France, and New Zealand are experiencing increased interest from Indian students, attributed to more favorable visa policies and affordable education.

These shifts highlight the need for Indian students to consider geopolitical stability and diplomatic relations when selecting study destinations. As international relations continue to evolve, educational institutions and students alike must navigate the complex interplay between academia and global politics.

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Geopolitics in Classrooms: Why India’s Students Need to Understand the World Beyond Borders

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Understanding Geopolitics: Students need to learn how global events impact education and everyday life

In a world where a tweet can trigger diplomatic disputes and a trade ban can reshape global supply chains, understanding geopolitics is no longer just for diplomats—it’s for everyone. Yet, as Jaimine Vaishnav’s thought-provoking article, “Breaking Barriers: The Case for Rethinking Geopolitical Education in India,” highlights, Indian education remains stubbornly siloed. Students in fields like technology, design, or engineering are rarely encouraged to explore the world of international relations, cultural diplomacy, or the geopolitics of technology. But should they be?

For a country with one of the world’s largest and youngest populations, India’s education system is remarkably conservative in its approach to interdisciplinary learning. According to Vaishnav, fewer than 4.3% of India’s top technological institutions offer substantial coursework in international relations. Even among design schools, a mere 2.7% address the intersection of aesthetics and global diplomacy. In a world where design is soft power and technology is a geopolitical weapon, these numbers reflect an alarming disconnect.

Why Geopolitical Education Matters—Everywhere

Geopolitics is not just about borders or foreign policy. It is about understanding how power, culture, economics, and technology influence every aspect of our lives. When a design student learns about cultural diplomacy, they understand that a logo is not just branding—it is a statement of national identity. When a technology student grasps the concept of data sovereignty, they realise that code can be a tool of influence.

This disconnect between classrooms and the real world was dramatically highlighted recently when tensions escalated between India and Pakistan following Operation Sindoor. As cross-border hostility intensified, schools in border districts of Punjab, Rajasthan, and Jammu & Kashmir were the first to shut down. Students stayed home, and classes were suspended until further notice, only resuming yesterday. In this tense environment, education was not just disrupted—it became a casualty of geopolitics.

Education is Political—Always Has Been

Vaishnav’s article brilliantly exposes the myth that education can be apolitical. When students are taught to code without understanding digital ethics, when engineers learn to build without considering sustainability, and when designers are trained without a sense of cultural context—they are being educated in a vacuum.

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Today, social media algorithms can incite communal hatred, artificial intelligence can reflect racial bias, and a diplomatic tweet can tank a company’s stocks. Education that ignores these connections leaves students unequipped for the real world.

What can we do? We need to reimagine interdisciplinary education as not just an add-on but a foundational framework. Students must learn to navigate the world with an understanding of how global and local forces intersect. This isn’t just an academic preference—it’s a survival skill.

At ScooNews, we believe education is not just about memorising facts but about making sense of the world. Jaimine Vaishnav’s article is a timely reminder that the most important thing we can teach our students is how to think—and that means thinking beyond silos.

Read the full article by Jaimine Vaishnav here: [Breaking Barriers: The Case for Rethinking Geopolitical Education in India]

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UK’s New Immigration Rules: What They Mean for Indian Students

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Indian students aspiring to study in the United Kingdom may face new challenges following the UK government’s announcement of stricter immigration rules. Under a new Immigration White Paper revealed by British Prime Minister Keir Starmer, several visa categories, including student visas, are set to undergo significant changes.

What’s Changing for Indian Students?

One of the most notable changes is the reduction of the Graduate Route visa from two years to 18 months. This visa, which allows international students to work in the UK after completing their studies, has been a popular choice among Indian students. As the largest group of Graduate Route users, Indian students may now find it harder to gain sufficient work experience in the UK before their visa expires.

Additionally, the new rules double the standard period for settlement status eligibility from five years to 10 years. This means international students and their dependents will now need a longer stay before they can qualify for permanent residency.

The new regulations also impose stricter English language requirements, with students and their dependents expected to demonstrate language improvement as part of their visa conditions. This could add pressure on non-native speakers to meet higher proficiency standards.

Student Voices and Concerns

The National Indian Students and Alumni Union UK (NISAU) has expressed mixed reactions to the changes. While they are relieved that the Graduate Route has been retained, they have raised concerns about the potential impact on Indian students, who rely on this route for international work experience.

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“Panic must not be allowed to set in among current and prospective students. Immediate clarity is needed on who is affected and how,” NISAU stated.

With these new rules, Indian students must carefully plan their UK education journey, considering the limited work window and the extended path to settlement.

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Maharashtra Launches Statewide Staff Mapping Drive for Schools

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Directives have been issued to all government, fully-aided, and partially-aided secondary schools to commence the staff mapping process. (Representative Image)

In a move aimed at ensuring transparency and accountability, the Maharashtra School Education Department has initiated a comprehensive mapping of all teaching and non-teaching staff positions across government and aided schools in the state. This major exercise will align all staff posts with the approved ‘Sanction Structure’ and validate these positions against salary records in the state’s official payment processing system, Shalarth.

Mapping for Accountability

According to a recent report by Hindustan Times, the Maharashtra government has issued directives to all government, fully-aided, and partially-aided secondary schools, directing them to complete this mapping process by the end of June 2025. The initiative will involve verifying every teaching and non-teaching position against the Sanction Structure and matching these with salary records on the Shalarth portal, which is used for processing staff payments.

The mapping process will leverage an Application Programming Interface (API) developed by the National Informatics Centre (NIC), allowing the education department to cross-check the data submitted by schools for accuracy. Schools will be required to upload a PDF copy of their completed Sanction Structure mapping before the release of July salaries in August. Any institution failing to comply will face salary disbursement restrictions.

This exercise is a direct response to growing concerns about financial mismanagement in school staffing, including payments made to unauthorised or non-existent employees. The education department has made it clear that strict action will be taken against schools and staff who fail to comply with the new data submission guidelines. Salaries will be withheld in cases where schools delay or neglect the mapping process.

A senior education officer, speaking on condition of anonymity, told Hindustan Times, “We are taking a data-driven approach to ensure that only legitimate employees are drawing salaries from government funds. The mapping of posts and salary systems will bring transparency and accountability at every level.”

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Implications and Potential as a National Model

This initiative has the potential to become a model for other states seeking to ensure transparency in education funding. If successful, the mapping drive can eliminate the problem of “ghost employees,” ensure the fair distribution of government funds, and prevent the influence of politically-backed illegal appointments. However, it also places significant pressure on school administrations, which must ensure complete and accurate data submission.

While the drive promotes accountability, there is a risk of administrative overload, especially in remote or understaffed schools. The use of digital tools, such as the API integration with Shalarth, is a positive step, but effective implementation will depend on user training and technical support.

If proven effective, Maharashtra’s staff mapping initiative could serve as a blueprint for other states in India to adopt a similar approach, ensuring that education funds are used solely for legitimate purposes.

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Indian Students Flock to Singapore, Ireland, and Dubai for Higher Studies: 38% Surge Recorded

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Indian students are increasingly looking beyond traditional study-abroad destinations like the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. According to a recent report by Gradding.com, a study-abroad platform, the number of Indian students choosing countries like Singapore, Ireland, and Dubai has surged by 38%. This trend marks a significant shift in the preferences of Indian students seeking global education.

While the US, UK, and Australia have long been popular choices, the tightening of immigration policies and restrictive post-study visa rules in these countries have caused a decline in student interest. Canada experienced the biggest drop in Indian student enrollments at 41%, followed by the UK with a 27.7% decline and the US with 13%. In contrast, Singapore, Ireland, and Dubai have become preferred alternatives due to their globally recognised institutions, affordable education, and strong job markets.

Mamta Shekhawat, founder of Gradding.com, highlighted the changing landscape, stating, “The evolving preferences of Indian students reflect a transformative shift in global education dynamics. With destinations like Singapore, Ireland, and Dubai offering quality education, affordability, and strong career prospects, we’re witnessing a more informed and strategic approach to overseas education.”

The numbers reinforce this shift. The total number of Indian students studying abroad rose from 750,365 in 2022 to 892,989 in 2023, with a notable increase in those opting for lesser-explored destinations. Singapore, for instance, recorded a 25% year-on-year growth in Indian student enrolment.

The rise of these new destinations is attributed to their student-friendly policies, industry partnerships, and focus on emerging sectors such as finance, technology, and healthcare. As Indian students continue to explore alternative destinations, universities in Singapore, Ireland, and Dubai are expected to see a steady influx, reshaping the global education map.

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John King’s Book ‘Teacher By Teacher’: A Global Tribute to the Transformative Power of Education

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For John B. King Jr., former U.S. Secretary of Education, school wasn’t just a place—it was a lifeline. In his newly released memoir, Teacher By Teacher: The People Who Change Our Lives, King traces his journey from a grief-stricken child in New York to the corridors of educational leadership in Washington, D.C. But while the book is rooted in the American educational experience, its messages about the impact of teachers resonate far beyond U.S. borders.

In an exclusive interview with Education Week’s Sam Mallon on May 5, 2025, King reflected on his memoir, the teachers who shaped his life, and the ongoing challenges educators face worldwide.

A Childhood Saved by Teachers

King’s story is a testament to the power of mentorship. Following the death of his mother and his father’s battle with Alzheimer’s, school became King’s sanctuary. “Teachers saved my life,” he shared, recalling how educators believed in him, nurtured his potential, and gave him hope even when the world outside seemed dark.

From those formative years, King went on to earn degrees from Harvard, Columbia, and Yale. His career as a teacher, school principal, education policymaker, and eventually, U.S. Secretary of Education became a journey of giving back. The memoir celebrates not only King’s personal resilience but the quiet heroism of teachers everywhere.

Former Secretary of U.S Education John King. Image Source- EducationWeek

While King’s book is anchored in American education, the messages it carries are universally relevant. Teachers worldwide are grappling with challenges—overcrowded classrooms, mental health issues among students, and ever-changing education policies. In his interview with Education Week, King highlighted how schools must be more than academic factories. They must be safe havens, places of healing, and hubs of inspiration.

King advocates for “trauma-informed practice”—an approach where teachers are equipped to understand and support students facing emotional challenges. This is a lesson that transcends borders, as schools globally encounter rising mental health concerns among students.

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Teacher Evaluations and Policy Pressures

King’s time as U.S. Secretary of Education was marked by ambitious reforms—from implementing the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) to pushing for more rigorous teacher evaluation systems. But looking back, he acknowledges a key lesson: change cannot be forced without teacher buy-in.

“Teachers can’t be bombarded with reforms,” he explained. Change must be gradual, and educators must feel a sense of ownership over new policies.

King’s narrative is ultimately about hope. In his memoir, he shares how a single teacher’s encouragement can change a student’s life trajectory. He recalls how his father’s legacy as New York’s first Black deputy schools chief was kept alive by a former student who, years later, shared how impactful his father’s teaching was.

Teaching is more than a job—it is a calling. It is a force for social good, a platform for mentorship, and a means to nurture the next generation of thinkers, leaders, and dreamers. King’s Teacher By Teacher is a reminder that educators everywhere have the power to transform lives, often without even knowing it.

Though written from an American perspective, Teacher By Teacher is a love letter to educators everywhere. It is a call to support teachers, to understand the pressures they face, and to recognise the life-changing impact they can have on their students.

For a world that often takes teachers for granted, John King’s memoir is a reminder of the heroes who stand at the front of every classroom, ready to make a difference.

Excerpts referenced in this article were taken from John King's exclusive interview with Education Week on May 5, 2025, in Washington, conducted by Sam Mallon for Education Week.

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Operation Sindoor and Operation Abhyaas: Navigating School Safety and Student Well-being Amid Rising Tensions

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Operation Sindoor: Schools Implement Precautionary Measures Amid Rising Tensions

In the wake of escalating tensions between India and Pakistan following the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack, the Indian government has launched Operation Sindoor, targeting terrorist infrastructure across the border. This military action has prompted heightened security measures nationwide, including the closure of schools in several border districts and the initiation of Operation Abhyaas—a nationwide civil defence mock drill aimed at bolstering emergency preparedness.

As a precautionary step, educational institutions in border districts of Punjab (Ferozepur, Pathankot, Fazilka, Amritsar, Gurdaspur), Rajasthan (Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer), and Jammu & Kashmir have been temporarily closed. These closures aim to ensure the safety of students and staff amid potential cross-border hostilities. 

Operation Abhyaas: Enhancing Emergency Preparedness

Simultaneously, the Ministry of Home Affairs has initiated Operation Abhyaas, a comprehensive civil defence exercise conducted across 244 districts. This drill encompasses activities such as air-raid siren tests, blackout simulations, evacuation procedures, and public training sessions. In Delhi, for instance, 55 locations are participating in the drill, involving students, teachers, and civil defence volunteers. 

Addressing Student Anxiety and Promoting Well-being

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The current climate of uncertainty and the implementation of mock drills can understandably lead to anxiety among students. Educators and school administrators play a pivotal role in mitigating these concerns:

  • Open Communication: Provide age-appropriate explanations about the drills and current events, reassuring students about the measures taken for their safety.

  • Emotional Support: Encourage students to express their feelings and provide support through counseling services or designated safe spaces within the school.

  • Routine and Normalcy: Maintain regular school routines to provide a sense of stability and normalcy for students.

  • Parental Involvement: Engage with parents to keep them informed and involved in addressing their children’s concerns.

While the current geopolitical situation necessitates heightened security and preparedness, it is crucial to balance these measures with the emotional and psychological well-being of students. Through proactive communication, support, and engagement, educators can help students navigate these challenging times with resilience and understanding.

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