The Economic Survey 2025–26, tabled in Parliament on January 29, 2026, presents an arresting paradox. India has successfully built one of the world’s largest schooling systems—educating 24.69 crore students—yet only six out of ten learners complete higher secondary education.

For school leaders, the Survey’s message is unambiguous: the national focus is shifting from inputs (getting children into school) to impact (ensuring they learn, progress, and stay). What follows are five findings that matter most inside the school gate.

1. The “Leaky Bucket”: Transitioning from Middle to Secondary

While primary enrolment is near-universal (90.9%), the Survey identifies a structural drop-off after Class 8.

Reality check: The Net Enrolment Rate (NER) at the secondary level stands at just 52.2%.

The rural gap: Only 17.1% of rural schools offer secondary education, compared to 38.1% in urban areas. Longer travel distances and higher costs lead to significant transition losses.

What this means for schools:

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• The Survey strongly backs Composite Schools (K–12 models) to reduce dropout risk.
• Schools serving Classes 6–10 should prioritise transition counselling, parent engagement, and academic bridging.

Leader takeaway: Retention, not recruitment, is now the real leadership challenge.

2. Learning Outcomes: The PARAKH Recovery Story

Post-pandemic recovery is visible, particularly in foundational years—but learning quality remains uneven across states and school types.

Encouraging gains:

• Grade III Mathematics proficiency has risen to 65%, up from 42% in 2021.

What’s next:

• The Survey proposes a PISA-like, competency-based assessment at the end of Class 10, signalling a decisive move away from rote learning.

What this means for schools:

• Internal assessments will increasingly need to mirror National Achievement Survey (NAS) benchmarks.
• Performance-linked accountability is no longer hypothetical—it is imminent.

Leader takeaway: Assessment literacy will become as important as curriculum delivery.

3. The Skilling Crisis: Addressing the 1%

Perhaps the most candid section of the Survey exposes a stark education–employment mismatch.

The 1% problem: Only 0.97% of students aged 14–18 have received formal institutional skilling.

Structural issue: Education and skilling continue to operate in parallel silos, leaving most learners academically qualified but workplace-unready.

What this means for schools:

• Vocational exposure must be embedded within Classes 9–12, not offered as an optional or external add-on.
• Partnerships with local industry, NSDC-aligned providers, and apprenticeship platforms will become critical.

Leader takeaway: Schools that integrate skills early will future-proof their students—and their relevance.

4. Digital Exposure: Pedagogy vs. Addiction

In a significant first, the Economic Survey flags digital addiction as a threat to student wellbeing, learning focus, and social capital.

The paradox:

• 89% of rural youth now have access to smartphones.
• 75% use them primarily for social media, contributing to sleep deprivation, reduced attention spans, and anxiety.

What this means for schools:

• The Survey recommends introducing a Digital Wellness Curriculum, covering:
  • Screen-time literacy
  • Cyber safety
  • Responsible AI and social media use

Leader takeaway: Digital fluency must now include digital restraint.

5. Global Ambitions: Stemming the Student Exodus

India is on track to become the world’s largest source of international students, with outbound numbers expected to reach 18 lakhs by 2025. Yet, international students form just 0.10% of domestic enrolment.

The strategy:

• The Survey promotes “Internationalisation at Home”—inviting foreign campuses, enabling joint degrees, and ensuring mutual recognition of qualifications.

Key enablers already in place:

• Academic Bank of Credit (ABC)
• APAAR IDs (with 2.2 crore already issued)

What this means for schools:

• Senior secondary students should be actively guided on credit portability, interdisciplinary choices, and global pathways.

Leader takeaway: Global readiness is no longer optional—it is systemic.

The Bigger Shift: Learning Over Schooling

The Economic Survey 2025–26 makes one thing clear: India’s education mission has entered its second phase. Infrastructure and access have largely been achieved. The next frontier is retention, relevance, and real learning.

For school leaders, success will no longer be measured by enrolment numbers alone, but by:

• Meaningful learning outcomes
• Student wellbeing and digital balance
• Employability and global mobility

The bell has rung. What happens after it now matters more than ever.

New Delhi | January 22, 2026 – As the three-day Inclusive Education Summit 2026 enters its second day, the conversation has shifted from policy theory to tangible pathways. Organised by the Ministry of Education (DoSEL) at The Lalit, New Delhi, the summit is setting a high bar for how India intends to align with NEP 2020 and the RPwD Act 2016.

While Day 1 set the stage, Day 2 focused on the “how”—the digital tools, pedagogical shifts, and inter-sectoral collaborations required to ensure no child is left behind.

1. Digital Transformation: PRASHAST 2.0 Takes Center Stage

The most significant tech highlight was the unveiling and live demonstration of PRASHAST 2.0. Introduced by Ms. Ira Singhal (Deputy Secretary, DoSEL), this revamped disability screening tool is designed to move the needle on early identification.

• Integrated Ecosystem: The tool now integrates directly with UDISE+, allowing for real-time tracking and data-driven interventions.

• The Goal: Moving away from guesswork toward evidence-based planning at the school level.

2. Scalable Success: Lessons from the States

The summit showcased that inclusion isn’t just a national mandate; it’s a local reality. Two states shared blueprints that other school leaders can learn from:

• Andhra Pradesh: Highlighted the transformative impact of their 125 Autism Support Centres.

• West Bengal: Showcased a model of strengthening resource rooms to provide child-centric interventions immediately after identification.

3. Reimagining Pedagogy and Teacher Training

A recurring theme throughout the day was that “access” to a classroom is not the same as “achievement” in learning.

• NCERT’s New Framework: Dr. Sharad Sinha presented an 8-module framework designed to mainstream inclusive pedagogy. The focus is on training teachers to manage diverse classrooms as the norm, not the exception.

• NCTE & NIOS: Discussions led by Prof. Pankaj Arora (NCTE) and Prof. Akhilesh Mishra (NIOS) highlighted the shift toward flexible admission systems, accessible e-content, and a national mentoring mission to support inclusive practices in everyday schooling.

4. Beyond the Classroom: Sports and Language

Inclusion was also discussed through the lens of holistic development:

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• Inclusive Sports: Representatives from Special Olympics Bharat and the Indian Blind Sports Association emphasized that sports are a primary vehicle for building confidence and independence in children with intellectual and visual impairments.

• The Power of Words: Ms. Amita Tandon (UNICEF) reminded delegates that disability-inclusive language is the first step in reducing stigma.

Innovator’s Spotlight: Prof. Bharti Kaushik (CIET, NCERT) showcased the “Kitaab Ek, Padhe Anek” project. Based on Universal Design for Learning (UDL), this initiative allows a single textbook to offer multiple accessible pathways, proving that “one size fits all” is a thing of the past.

Key Takeaways for School Leaders

As the summit concludes its second day, the message to the Indian education fraternity is clear:

1. Screen Early: Use tools like PRASHAST 2.0.

2. Train Often: Move toward inclusive pedagogy, not just special education.

3. Build Infrastructure: Invest in resource rooms and UDL-compliant materials.

In a landmark move to make India’s school system future-ready, the Department of School Education & Literacy (DoSE&L), Ministry of Education, has announced that Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computational Thinking (CT) will be introduced as part of the school curriculum from Class 3 onwards, beginning in the academic year 2026–27.

The initiative marks a major step in preparing students for an AI-driven world, ensuring early exposure to technological literacy, ethics, and problem-solving. The curriculum, currently being developed through a consultative process with CBSE, NCERT, KVS, NVS, and States/UTs, will fall under the National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCF-SE) 2023, in alignment with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

A stakeholder consultation held on 29th October 2025 brought together education leaders, including Prof. Karthik Raman from IIT Madras, who heads the CBSE expert committee responsible for shaping the AI & CT curriculum. The focus is on designing a meaningful, inclusive framework that integrates AI not as an advanced elective but as a foundational skill — comparable to literacy and numeracy in importance.

Shri Sanjay Kumar, Secretary, DoSE&L, emphasised that AI education should be viewed as a universal skill closely linked to real-world applications. “Every child’s distinct potential is our priority. Policymakers must define minimum thresholds and evolve them with changing needs,” he said. He also stressed on teacher training as the backbone of successful implementation, with modules under NISHTHA, and resource materials being prepared by NCERT and CBSE.

The Ministry plans to release AI handbooks and digital resources by December 2025, followed by a grade-specific rollout supported by video-based learning materials and structured training.

By embedding AI education from the foundational years, India aims to nurture a generation that understands, creates, and applies technology ethically — transforming the vision of AI for Public Good into everyday classroom reality.

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How classroom experiences are being reshaped through projects, inquiry, and authentic learning

As the classroom grows beyond the boundaries of textbooks and blackboards, so too does the role of the teacher, and the very meaning of learning. Project-Based Learning (PBL), once considered a niche innovation, is increasingly being embraced by educators across schools in India. But what happens when PBL moves from theory to practice?

To answer this, we turned to the people at the heart of the learning experience: teachers.
In conversations with educators from diverse school contexts, one theme was clear: PBL is not just a teaching strategy; it’s a transformation in how students learn, engage, and grow.

From Worksheets to Real-World Work: How PBL Differs from Traditional Homework

One of the clearest contrasts teachers observed was how PBL moves learning from repetition to relevance. Traditional homework often reinforces information through rote exercises. PBL, by contrast, asks students to apply their knowledge to solve problems, create products, or investigate issues that matter to them.

One teacher shared how using PBL to raise student awareness about water pollution was a hit in the class. Instead of just assigning problems, the students were made to create awareness posters, conduct surveys in their neighbourhood, and suggest solutions through group presentations. The teacher also noted how the students took the lead, and had an ownership over this project that they usually don’t showcase.

The shift from repetition to application fosters deeper engagement. Several teachers noted that students who previously struggled to stay motivated with homework showed renewed interest when asked to take on real-world challenges.

Changing Roles: Teachers as Facilitators, Not Just Instructors

Project-Based Learning also changes the role of the teacher, who went from being the sole source of knowledge to a guide who supports inquiry and exploration.

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One common change teachers noticed was on how they had to let go of control in the classroom. Naturally, the students now had to work on projects on their own, and could only come to the teacher for guidance and help. The teachers noted that they helped their students ask the right questions, find credible sources, and evaluate their work, instead of completely placing the burden of learning on the teacher themselves.

This change isn’t always easy. It requires a shift in mindset and in many cases, rethinking how time is used in class. But most teachers agree: the shift is worth it. PBL has encouraged interdisciplinary approaches, made space for collaborative learning, and created more meaningful student-teacher interactions.

Unlocking Student Potential: What PBL Offers Beyond Academics

Academic performance remains important, but a lot of teachers repeatedly pointed out that PBL nurtures a broader set of skills, like critical thinking, collaboration, communication, and creativity. One teacher particularly noted on how their quietest students became ‘leaders’, and became outspoken when it came to presenting their ideas and projects. While not directly, PBL helped these students find their voices, and find confidence in their effort and abilities.

Students learn to manage time, negotiate roles, and solve problems, skills that aren’t always reflected in exam scores but are vital for life beyond school. For many teachers, the most rewarding aspect of PBL was watching students take initiative, work through failure, and reflect on their learning.

Widening the Circle: Strategies for Scaling PBL in More Classrooms

While the benefits are clear, teachers acknowledged that implementing PBL at a large scale comes with challenges, like limited time, rigid curriculum structures, and unfamiliarity among teachers.

They offered a few practical suggestions for schools and educators considering wider adoption:

• Start Small and Build Confidence: Starting with short projects aligned to the unit you are already teaching introduces PBL in an easy manner. This way, teachers do not have to worry about overhauling their curriculum, or for making huge changes to their current teaching methods.

• Encourage Collaboration Among Teachers: Joint planning across subjects makes projects richer and more integrated. This also promotes interdisciplinary skills among students, and allows them to craft solutions using different subjects and skillsets.

• Make Time for Reflection: Embedding opportunities for students to present, critique, and reflect helps solidify learning. By reflecting on their projects and mistakes, they can understand how they can improve their approach to PBL.

• Support Professional Development: Teachers emphasized the need for ongoing training, not just one-off workshops but long-term spaces for peer sharing and mentorship. This continuous development would cement and solidify the methods and outcomes that will maximise using PBL for student benefits

Looking Ahead: Redefining Success in Education

PBL challenges traditional ideas of what learning looks like. It pushes students to move beyond memorization, and it challenges teachers to rethink their methods. But more than anything, it opens up the classroom to ideas, to communities, and to possibilities. No longer are students just preparing for exams, but also for the complex world outside school.

As educators continue to navigate the changing landscape of education, the insights from teachers point us toward a hopeful future, where learning is meaningful, relevant, and rooted in real-world experience.

This article is authored by Mrs. Padmashini M Patro, Principal, Air Force School Bamrauli

In a historic moment for Indian education, more than 3 lakh schools across the country came together to participate in the Viksit Bharat Buildathon (VBB) 2025, the largest live school innovation challenge ever organised in India. The nationwide event was inaugurated in New Delhi by Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan, marking a significant milestone in the Government’s efforts to embed creativity, innovation, and problem-solving into the school ecosystem.

The Viksit Bharat Buildathon, organised by the Department of School Education & Literacy (DoSEL) in collaboration with Atal Innovation Mission (AIM), NITI Aayog, and AICTE, saw over one crore students from Classes 6 to 12 working simultaneously during a 120-minute live innovation session. Students teamed up in groups of three to five to design prototypes and propose solutions under four themes — Atmanirbhar Bharat, Swadeshi, Vocal for Local, and Samriddhi.

While inaugurating the event, Minister Pradhan interacted virtually with students of PM SHRI Government High School, Khorda, Odisha, and later visited Delhi Public School, Mathura Road, and Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 2, Delhi Cantt. Commending students for their creativity, he said, “The vision of Viksit Bharat will be realised through the innovative spirit of our young learners. These ideas will not only address domestic challenges but also create global models for change.”

The event drew widespread participation, with Uttar Pradesh leading the numbers (78,206 schools), followed by Maharashtra (41,198), Gujarat (20,017), and Madhya Pradesh (18,129). Other states like Tamil Nadu (16,370), Bihar (15,732), Odisha (12,344), and Haryana (11,567) also recorded impressive engagement, showing the growing momentum for grassroots innovation across regions. Even smaller territories like Ladakh (358), Puducherry (149), and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (171) participated actively, reflecting the nationwide reach of the initiative.

According to Sanjay Kumar, Secretary, DoSEL, this unprecedented participation signals a transformation in how Indian students approach learning. “This one-of-a-kind movement strengthens innovative thinking and enhances the problem-solving capabilities of students across India,” he said. Deepak Bagla, Mission Director of AIM, called the initiative a “mass movement connecting schools in remote villages with those in metropolitan cities through innovation.”

A New Chapter for Indian Education

The Viksit Bharat Buildathon signifies more than just a hackathon — it reflects a systemic shift in Indian education towards experiential and innovation-led learning. As schools across the country engage in design thinking, tinkering, and collaboration, students are being equipped not just with knowledge, but with the mindset and skills needed to build a self-reliant India.

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By nurturing creativity from an early age and fostering partnerships between schools, government bodies, and industry, the Buildathon is shaping a generation ready to contribute to the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047 — a developed, empowered, and innovation-driven India.

At just 17, Singapore-based student Ameya Meattle is proving that age is no barrier to impact. What began as a small idea to make education more accessible has evolved into a mission that is transforming how visually impaired learners experience learning and skill development.

Ameya founded Earth First at the age of 14 — a social enterprise that helps visually impaired individuals “earn and learn” by creating sustainable, eco-friendly products. Working with eight NGOs across India and Singapore, the initiative has trained more than 100 visually impaired students and launched over 23 sustainable product lines, from tote bags and jute placemats to macramé planters. Each design is adapted to provide hands-on learning opportunities and help trainees gain confidence in both craft and enterprise.

Beyond social entrepreneurship, Ameya has focused deeply on education and technology. He led a Python programming course for 50 visually impaired students, designing custom training modules that made coding accessible through screen readers and tactile tools. By introducing technology as a viable career pathway, Ameya hopes to help students move from manual tasks to high-skill, digital opportunities.

His work also extends into assistive technology research. Under the mentorship of Dr. Pawan Sinha at MIT, Ameya developed a VR-based diagnostic game to assess visual acuity in children — turning the process into an interactive experience rather than a clinical test. The tool is being piloted at MIT’s Sinha Lab and with Project Prakash in India, helping doctors evaluate and track visual development before and after eye surgeries.

In addition, during his internship at the Assistech Lab at IIT Delhi, Ameya worked on designing tactile STEM teaching aids, such as accessible periodic tables and coding tutorials for visually impaired learners. His goal, he says, is not just to innovate but to make scientific learning inclusive and joyful for all.

Ameya’s work highlights how education, empathy, and innovation can intersect to create a more equitable future — one where technology serves not just progress, but people.

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In a landmark observation, the Supreme Court of India has emphasised the urgent need to introduce sex education at a younger age, rather than waiting until Class IX as is the current norm. The apex court stated that children should be informed and sensitised about the physical and emotional changes that accompany puberty — and taught the necessary care and caution that come with it.

The observation came from a Bench comprising Justice Sanjay Kumar and Justice Alok Aradhe, which noted that the absence of early sex education leaves children vulnerable to misinformation and misunderstanding during their formative years.

“Sex education should be provided to children from a younger age and not Class IX onwards. It is for the authorities concerned to apply their mind and take corrective measures so that children are informed of the changes that happen after puberty,” the court stated.

The Bench made the remarks while hearing an appeal filed by a 15-year-old boy, who had been denied bail by the Allahabad High Court in a case under Sections 376 and 506 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Section 6 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act. Recognising that the accused was himself a minor, the Supreme Court had earlier granted him bail in September 2025.

In the same case, the Court had directed the Government of Uttar Pradesh to submit an affidavit explaining how sex education is currently implemented in schools. The state responded that sex education is introduced only in Classes IX to XII, following NCERT guidelines. However, the Bench expressed concern over this delayed introduction and urged policymakers to revisit the framework to ensure children receive age-appropriate education much earlier.

The Court set aside the High Court’s order and made the juvenile’s bail permanent until the completion of the trial. More importantly, its remarks have reignited the national debate on the need for comprehensive sexuality education in India, which many experts argue is crucial to preventing abuse, reducing stigma, and promoting healthy development among adolescents.

Education experts have long maintained that early, factual, and inclusive discussions about puberty, consent, and emotional health must begin before adolescence — ideally in primary school — to prepare children for real-world experiences and relationships. The Supreme Court’s observation is expected to prompt renewed policy discussions on revising the sex education curriculum nationwide.

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